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45
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BuenosAires, 1.953, P.79,
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Poemas Ardbigo-Andaluces, Coleccidn Austral, n^l62, Espasa-Calpc , pp. 23-24. (55)
47
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^J v' /I/I I * '
1.969, p. 441.
49
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pp. 178-179.
51
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Islamologia, tomo 11, p. 997 (60)
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52
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A Literary History of the Arabs, pp. 442-3 (65)
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Miguel Casiri: Bibliotheca Arabico-Hispana Escurialemis, Madrid, 1.760-1.770, t. (69)
n, pSg. 162,
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154 .152 .151 .150 ■.^Cilj^\
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o^ J^ u< r*lj<' J^*— ' ^f ' l£J^'
383 .360 .320 :..^l Jp
0--LI j_.t ^.^1 Ji
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282 :. . .1^1 0^ r-l^l yt
282 :. . r.gi ^ ^UJI yj . ^>ii
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302 :^l ..Jujt
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280 . 225 . 224
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144 : u>-J-l cy. -i^' ' tijij4
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367 ,80 ,76 :JjS3l . . Jj^^-*
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235 :t5JU,Vl
305 :t^JL-Vl . . Jii JLP :Ji»^ ^1
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Oi
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305 :t5JL-*Jl
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M JLP
o; r*'-Hi 0^ -^t ^ r*U : c/'iM-i
135 : . . ^-U
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486
1:501
t •
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JL-P ^ j-it ^.OJI >P ii«^l^ o^l
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465 :j^\ j,_Jiy\ ^'^y: J o'.^
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252 .249 : . . juLlJ ^ ^^Ji jlp
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o} y^'^ Oi ^'^•^ Al JU^ ^t : iJllJ-1
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288 .223 .222 .154
r"
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261 : . . JL»3t ^ cuL' t (jJ^J-l
275 : (^1 ^ ASi. Ji^J) . . j^
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127 .125 cl23
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189 : i| jljjJl . . jjl^
j^xJl JL_ar Jj
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138 ■.3\>^\y\ *-i»Li-l
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374 : ^Ul ;5^l .^;^C ^ Jujt
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: . . ^'Ul
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Jj-J 6i» ..JtA; i^Uj Jil
ilul
i^JlJ:.! . .^Ua* just
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201 , 192 , 189
CH dr^ >>i-^l
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281
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390 .268 .267 .263
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276 : . .p-UJi jjf t^j cy
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464 .276 .272
f\j^\ ^ ..ijy>^\J^ J ,j^J\ ^1
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285 :t^^l .. JL>.
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11 . Traducci6n al castellano del manuscrito.
12 . Redacci6n del estudio.
terminar
su amabilidad al aceptar la direccidn de esta tesis y su valiosa ayuda para
resolver las numerosas dificultades con que he tropezado en el curso de mi
trabajo.
10
conocimientos de gran importancia y materias diversas, siendo las mas
importantes :
1 . Las biografias resumidas de los profesores del autor.
2 . Los repertorios de estos profesores sobre diversas ramas del saber.
3 . La vida intelectual del autor, su desarroUo cultural y !a extensibn de
sus conocimientos.
4 . Los titulos de los libros que mas circulaban en su 6poca.
5 . Las clases de conocimientos que entonces predominaban.
En el curso de algunas investigaciones realizadas en El Escorial he
podido localizar otro manuscrito de al-Balawi, considerado por Casiri y
Derenbourg como de autor desconocido. En realidad se trata del
comentario de al-Balawi sobre «al-Jazra^iyya» en materia de m6trica. Esta
obra se creia perdida. Constituye, pues, un feliz acontecimiento su hallazgo
en el manuscrito num 332 antiguo, 334 actual, de la Biblioteca de El
Escorial.
La forma en que he Uavado a cabo mi labor, en el curso de la cual he
tenido que superar no pocas dificultades, ha sido la siguiente:
1 . Lecutra detenida y meditada de todo el manuscrito arabe.
/
2 . Copia mecanogrdfica del mismo y ordenacion de un indice provisional
de las principales materias en el contenidas.
3 . Localizacion de los pasajes mds dificiles.
4 . Estudio de los medios de soluci6n de estas dificultades, consultando
diccionarios, biografias y otras obras.
5 . Critica de las posibles soluciones y eleccion de las mas adecuadas,
6 . Eleccion de titulos y subtiWos para los temas de car^cter general.
7 , Aclaraci6n y defini6n de lugares geogrdficos y comentario sobre
algunas de las personalidades citadas.
8 . Localizaci6n de los versiculos coranicos citados, mencionando las
azoras a que pertenecen.
9 . Localizaci6n de los hadices proffiticos en las obras dignas de cr6dito.
10. Localizaci6n de los versos citados o de sus hemistiquios para
completarlos y averiguaci6n de autor.
9
proporciona datos de gran valor); despues habla de la vida intelectual de
aquellos, citando a sus maestros, sus repertories y obras y lo que estudi6
con ellos o lo que aprendid en las fonnas acostumbradas; para terminar con
el texto de su solicitud de autorizaci6n y la correspondiente respuesta.
Tal vez este manuscrito fuera el mero borrador de un libro, por lo que
me planted el problema de la conveniencia de darle una adecuada
ordenaci6n, pero al fin he preferido no introducir en este aspecto ninguna
modificaci6n, respetando el texto original.
El manuscrito comprende un total de 55 folios, es decir, 110 paginas.
Los folios estfin agrupados en cuadernillos de contenido desigual, pues unos
constan de 24 paginas, mientras que otros s61o tienen 20 6 16, Tomando
por base el de 24 pdginas, la obra, que tiene 7 cuadernillos, deberia
comprender en total 168 paginas, lo que nos obligaria a concluir que el
manuscrito esta incomplete.
El tamano de la paginas es de 20 x 14 cm. Las que estSn totalmente
escritas contienen de 33 a 41 lineas. La caja es de 17,5 x 11 cm.
pdgin;
[unas
autorizante
La importancia de este manuscrito resulta evddente teniendo en cuenta:
1 . El numero de maestros biografiados, repertorios, obras, versos,
hadices, plegarias y citas que contiene.
2 . Ser el unico ejemplar conocido en el mundo.
3 . Estar considerado como el lUtimo manuscrito que nos ha llegado sobre
el ultimo periodo del Islam en el Andalus.
4 , Estar escrito de puno y letra del propio autor y de sus maestros.
Todo ello nos obliga a considerar que estamos, no ante un manuscrito
ordinario, escrito por un copista corriente, sino frente a un tesoro de
inestimable valor.
El manuscrito esta escrito empleando el tipo de caligrafia magrebi
andaluza. Debe notarse que al-Balawi utiliza no s61o las cifras ^rabes, sino
tambien las orientales de origen indio e incluso unos signos simb61icos
llamados «al-qalam al-fasi».
En cuanto al contenido, el manuscrito de al-Balawi comprende
8
XIV J.C, pero este cambio afecta mas a la cantidad que a la calidad y es
debido a la progresiva disminuci6n de la poblaci6n islamica en el Andalus.
En cuanto al estilo, podemos dividir la produccion literaria y cientifica
de esta epoca, como la de todas, en dos grandes grupos: poesia y prosa.
La poesia refleja la huella del artificio, la afectacion y el abuso de las
figuras ret6ricas.
La prosa puede ser rimada o libre. Cada escritor elige la que mas le
place, si bien la mayoria prefiere en las ultimas epocas la prosa rimada, con
la notable excepcion de Ibn Jaldun.
La obra de al-Balawi alterna la prosa, libre o rimada, con la poesia.
El manuscrito objeto de nuestro estudio se encuentra en la Biblioteca
de El Escorial bajo el numero 1.720 antiguo; 1.725 actual.
F. Pons Boigues fija la fecha del manuscrito en el aiio 811 H,, (1408-9),
mientras que Casiri seiiala la de 851 H. (1447-8) -Ambas dataciones son
afirmar
loIXd(
afirmado
por Casiri.
Tambi^n se ha incurrido en error acerca del titulo de la obra. Casiri
nos lo da en arabe como «Rusum al-Isnad», que traduce al latin asi:
«Auctoritatem, seu testimoniorum recensio». Pons Boigues acepta el titulo
arabe y lo traduce «Vestigios de testimonios o autoridades».
' Pero 6ste es el titulo de otra obra, original de marroqui Muhammad b.
GazI al-Utmanl, el cual habia concedido autorizacion a al-BalawT para
relatarla.
El verdadero titulo es «Tabat», figura en el folio 1^ vuelto y significa
«certificaci6n» , «demostraci6n» y «prueba» y technologicaraente
«biobibliografia»,que es el sistema empleado por el autor para narrar la vida
de sus maestros, sus obras, repertorios, autorizaciones, etc.
El estilo biobibliogrdfico drabe puede adoptar tres formas principales:
la que se fija en los maestros; la que menciona en primer lugar los libros; j
la mixta, en que la obra se divide en dos partes, una dedicada a los
maestros y otra a las obras estudiadas con ellos.
Al-Balawi sigue en esto un estilo muy personal: menciona primero loi
patronimicos
7
Al-BalawT nacio aproximadamente el ano 866/1462 y murid
exactamente el ano 938/1531. En su vida podemos apreciar dos etapas
distintas: ia de Granada y la del Norte de Africa y Oriente.
Durante la primera, el reino de Granada estuvo sucesivamente
gobernado per tres reyes: Abu-1-Hasan (Muley Hacen) >\li b. Sa'd; su
hermano Abu Abd Allih Muhammad (el Zagal); y Abu i\bd Allah o
Boabdil, conocido por «al-Zugaybi)> (el desventuradillo).Esta/poca estuvo
diminada por las conspiraciones y luchas intestinas. El pais cay6 en la
anarquia, hasta ser conquistado por los Reyes Catdlicos.
cnsis
mientras que en Oriente el poder otomano alcanza su mayor esplendor, que
viene a coincidir con la segunda 6poca de la vida de al-Balawi.
Hay que resaltar el hecho de que los pueblos de la Europa occidental
principalmente avanzan en esta 6poca por el camino de la civilizaci6n, la
industrializacion y la t^cnica modema, mientras que los pueblos isMmicos,
especialmente los de la cuenca occidental del Mediterrfineo, encontraban
obstaculos en su camino, come si no supieran sacar provecho de sus
recursos. En lo que respecta a la vida intelectual y cultural, los
Investigadores estan divididos en dos grupos: unos elogian el ambiente
intelectual andaluz en eeneral v el granadino en particular, mientras que
cultural
especialmente la de Granada.
El primero de estos dos grupos esta encabezado por al-Maqqari, el cual
dedica las mayores alabanzas a las gentes del Andalus, en las que resalta la
virtud de la sabiduna.
En el segundo destaca Ibn Jaldun, quien, con evidente injusticia,
agrupa a las gentes del Andalus en dos clases: los granadinos, a los que
desposee de todo menos del pensamiento de las cosas de la vida, y los no
ensenanza
literatura.
En realidad, este periodo se vio enriqueddo tanto por las letras como
por las ciencias. En 61 abundaron los letrados, los poetas, los m6dicos y
otros. Debe tenerse presente que estas 6pocas no eran propensas a la
especializacion y que el sabio solia destacar por sus conocimientos en
materias diversas, como las matem&ticas, la medicina, las ciencias, la
astronomia, la Uteratura, la musica.
Son 6pocas de copilacidn y endclopedismo; Quizd se puedo apreciar
algtin cambio en el nivel de la ensenanzal dc^spu^^ del siglo VIII
6
En efecto, en el texto encontramos mencionada la fecha en que marchan de
Almeria hacia Almun6car para pasar de alii al Norte de Africa, La fecha
mencionada es el 24 Muharram 894 / 28 Diciembre 1488. Otros datos del
manuscrito nos permiten deducir que la salida de los Balawies hacia el
Norte de Africa tuvo lugar aproximadamente durante el mes de Yumada 11
delano 894 / Mayo de 1489.
Al-Maqqari, en su «Azhar al-riyad», insinua que los Balawies huyeron
del turbulento ambiente politico que predominaba en Granada para buscar
en otra parte estabiUdad, tranquilidad, paz y seguridad. Segiin esto, la
marcha de los Balawies habaria side impulsada por el miedo y por un
sentimiento de derrota, lo que equivale a tildarles de cobardes.
Es cierto que algunos andaluces huyeron de Granada para buscar en
otros lugares refugio mas seguro. Pero, en mi opini6n, no es este el caso de
los Balawies. De haber tenido^estos propdsitos, se hubieran dirigido a
Marruecos para establecerse aqui. No lo hicieron asi, sino que se dirigen a
Oriente, y ademds nada prueba que su intencion fuera ausentarse
definitivamente del Andalus, pues ninguna fuente hace menci6n de que
hubieran vendido sus propiedades antes de marchar, Por consiguiente
hemos de suponer que el viaje de al-Balawi y su familia a Oriente no fue
una huida, sino que tenia el objeto primario de cumplir el precepto divino
de la peregrinacion y el secundario de ponerse en contacto con los sabios de
Oriente. No se opone a ello el hecho de que hiciera el viaje toda la familia,
pues eran muchas las quecumplian este precepto en comunidad. Durante
su viaje, Granada fue reconquistada por los cristianos. Entonces los
Balawies establecieron su residencia en Constantinopla.
En las diversas epocas de la Esparia musulmana, la vida literaria e
intelectual alcanzo un alto grado de desarrollo. La cuesti6n de si este
desarrollo fue espontSneo, al margen de toda influencia oriental, o estuvo
sometido a esta influencia, ha dividido a los investigadores.
A mi modo de ver, todo parece indicar que los andaluces vivieron sus
6pocas y expresaron sus ideas derivadas de su cultura y de su medio e
inspiradas en las circunstancias que les rodean.
En realidad, los andaluces tuvieron una personalidad independiente y
pusieron gran empeno en formarla y en crear una vida literaria propia. A
ello contribuyeron: la estructura del pueblo andaluz, el medio natural, su
poli'tica basada en la desunion, su cultura y su civilizaci6n. Sin embargo,
esta personalidad propia del Andalus no fue obstdculo para que se abriera a
otros ambientes literarios.
5
Abu-HIayya;J? Yusuf b, Muhammad al-Balawi, autor de la enciclopedia
cientifica titulada «*Alif Ba'».
Abu Muhammad Abd al-Rahim, hi jo del anterior, nacio el ano
592/1196 y fallecid el 638/1240-41. Transmiti6 los conocimienos adquiridosel
su padre.
Abu Amir Muhammad b, Ahmad al-Balawi, letrado, docto,
historiador y poeta, natural de Tortosa y orimdo de MedinaceU, por lo que
es conocidopor al-Salimi. Habito en Murcia y muri6 el ano 559/1164.
Abii-l-Baqa? Jalid b/ls^ b. Aljmad al-Balawi, hasta ahora el mas
famoso de la familia Balawi, natural de Cantoria (Almeria) citado por
porjban al-Jatlb, al-Satibi y al Maqqari.
El nombre completo del autor de nuestro manuscrito es: Abu It'afer
Ahmad b. *Ali b. Ahmad b. j\lT b. AJiraadJ?. 'Abd al-Rahman b. Dawud
al-Balawi al-Wadi Asi al-GarantI al-Andalusi.
Al-Balawi nacid y se crio en Guadbc, donde cursd los estudios de la
primera ensenanza y aprendi6 el Cordn. Luego se traslad6 a Granada y en
esta ciudad residio durante muchos anos.
Nuestro autor se refiere en este manuscrito a temas vinculados con el
ultimo perlodo del reino musulman de Granada y tambien con el inmediato
posterior. Al-Balawi escribe su libro cuando algunas de las ciudades mas
importantes que rodean a la bella capital andaluza ban sido ya
reconquistadas por los cristianos.
Las
familia
conocimientos
dirigiendose a la ciudad de Tremec6n^ en el Norte de Africa, entonces
capital de los Banu Zayyan y centro de saber y de cuitura. -
De Tremec6n los Balawies se trasladaron a Ordn, probablemente de
paso hacia Ttinez, donde permanecieron unos cuatro meses.
A primeros de Abril de 1493 salieron de Tdnez, dirigiendose por mar a
Constantinopla. En el curso de este viaje mmio el padre de nuestro autor.
En Constantinopla residieron los Balawies largo tiempo, gozando de la
protecci6n y el apoyo moral y material de Bayazid II, que debieron
continuar en el reinado de SalLn I y en el de Sulayman el Magnifico.
El manuscrito objeto de nuestro estudio nos. permite fijar con gran
aproximaci6n la fecha en que los Balawies emigraron del reino deGranada.
4
MANUAL BIOGRAFICO DE AHMAD B
ALI AL-BALAWI AL-WADI ASI
Texto ar abe , tr aduccion anotada y estudio
Tesis doctoral de
ABD ALLAH AL-IMRANT
RESUMEN
la tribu yemeni de Bauyy, siendo su pnmer
Amr b. al-Haf b. Ouda^.
Ahmad
virtud
«al-Wala'». Lo mismo se puede afirmar de todos aquellos que son
conocidos por «al-Balawi», con la unica excepci6n de Zuhayr b. Qays
al-Balawi, el cual confiesa: «Soy descendiente de los irabes; soy de Gassan.
Mi abuelo cometi6 un delito entre sus gentes y se refugi6 entre los de la
tribu de Baliyy, recibiendo por ello su apellido^.
Son muy numerosos los que, Uevando el apellido «al-Balawi»,
desempenaron un papel destacado en la historia politica, social y cultural
del Islam. En la imposibilidad material de mencionarlos a todos, podemos
senalar como mds importantes a:
Zuhayr b. Qays al-Balawi, a quien antes hemos hecho alusion, el cual
apoy6 a'^Uqba b. Nafi'^al-Fihrien su segundo gobierno del Norte de Africa y
mas tarde fue a su vez nombrado gobemador de esta region.
exunio
contra la injusticia, la corrupcidn y el partidismo, que vivi6 en el Yemen a
comienzos
Abu-1-Qasim Abd al-Rabman al-Balawi, maestro cordnico, asceta^
virtuoso, mistico y devoto, conocido por al-Labsi (el de Lapeza, aldea
proxima a Guadbc).
3
El Oltimo Sabio Musulman Granadino:
/«■?
WadT AsT
Sus Jeques y Relates a traves de su Obra: at-tabat
y la de Ibn GazT: at-ta&llul bi Rusumi-l-lsnad
Estudio, anotaciones, ap§ndices, Indices y
un resumen en Castlllano
Por
Dr. Abd Allah al-lmranT
Dar al-Gharb al-lslami
Beirut
A
I ■
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